醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作大講堂開(kāi)講啦!
經(jīng)常有人弄不清楚在寫(xiě)SCI論文過(guò)程中,時(shí)態(tài)具體該怎樣用,這篇文章就具體分析了時(shí)態(tài)的用法,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
相比于傳說(shuō)中的英文16種時(shí)態(tài),SCI其實(shí)用到的最主要就是其中的2種(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)),已經(jīng)算是很大程度的簡(jiǎn)化了,把各種情況梳理一遍,寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)該就不會(huì)覺(jué)得混亂了。
首先,咱們來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)一下這兩種時(shí)態(tài)所適用的情況,不管寫(xiě)什么文章,時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用肯定都符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的基本原理。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):
主要用于描述不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在事實(shí)或真理,簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),寫(xiě)作當(dāng)時(shí)你覺(jué)得是正確的或正在發(fā)生的內(nèi)容,都可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。比如,客觀陳述他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表的研究成果作為佐證時(shí),普遍都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 基于此,“Introduction”中的文獻(xiàn)回顧和 “Discussion”中的大部分,都可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)描述。
一般過(guò)去時(shí):
用于描述發(fā)生于論文寫(xiě)作之前的事情,包括作者自己所做的工作。比如,論文中“Materialand Methods” 和 “Results” 的大部分,這些在論文動(dòng)筆前肯定都已經(jīng)做完,整理完了,所以用過(guò)去時(shí),不難理解。
p.s. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)是寫(xiě)作中最常用到的兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài),但在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作中,當(dāng)然還會(huì)運(yùn)用到其它一些時(shí)態(tài),比如將來(lái)時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),甚至過(guò)去時(shí),以適應(yīng)豐富的文章內(nèi)容,下面會(huì)給大家詳細(xì)講解。
接下來(lái),咱們結(jié)合SCI文章內(nèi)容,看看具體論文中時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該如何使用。一般的Original Article 通常包括 Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion 這幾個(gè)部分,每個(gè)部分大概有什么內(nèi)容大家應(yīng)該都有了解吧?其它類(lèi)型的文章也都可以根據(jù)這種類(lèi)型舉一反三,那我就直接以O(shè)riginal Article為例講時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用了哈。
摘要(Abstract):
一般情況下,研究背景,實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?,論文結(jié)論,采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,結(jié)果及發(fā)現(xiàn),采用過(guò)去時(shí)。舉幾個(gè)栗子:
研究背景:A method to select non-responders as early as possible is essential for preventing unnecessary toxicity.
實(shí)驗(yàn)方法:Human breast cancer cells were injected into nude rats.
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果:A new in vivo breast cancer model was successfully established.
論文結(jié)論:The present study suggests that ...
當(dāng)然,有些雜志也會(huì)專(zhuān)門(mén)有些比較“特別”的要求,比如Cell,要求Abstract全部使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。大家可以自行體會(huì)下:
Here we present a unifying hypothesis about how messenger RNAs, transcribed pseudogenes, and long non-coding RNAs “talk” to each other using microRNA response elements (MREs) as letters of a new language. We propose that this “competing endogenous RNA” (ceRNA) activity forms a large-scale regulatory network across the tranome, greatly expanding the functional genetic information in the human genome and playing important roles in pathological conditions, such as cancer.
前言(Introduction):
這部分用到的時(shí)態(tài)很多變,不能一概而論。
研究背景描述的如果是經(jīng)典原理,事實(shí),或目前為止最前沿的結(jié)果,作者寫(xiě)論文時(shí)仍認(rèn)為是正確的(即使是曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
比如:CircRNAs are recently identified as a naturally occurring family of noncoding RNAs that is highly represented in the eukaryotic tranome.
描述已經(jīng)完成的事,強(qiáng)調(diào) “曾經(jīng)”,目前為止對(duì)此持肯定態(tài)度,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
比如:A large number of circRNAs have been successfully identified in various cell lines and across different species.
曾經(jīng)的研究,其結(jié)果現(xiàn)在為止仍然正確,則一句話中可以既有完成時(shí),也有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
比如:Recent studies have shown that exon circularization is facilitated by complementary sequences and regulated by specific protein factors.
以作者為主語(yǔ),闡述曾經(jīng)的研究結(jié)果,如果該研究結(jié)果仍然正確,則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí),從句中仍使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
比如:Poliseno et al. recently proposed that the high sequence homology enablespseudogenes to compete with their parental genes for a shared pool of common miRNAs.
曾經(jīng)的研究,但已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)或失效,作者懷疑其正確性,或要否定其正確性時(shí),用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
比如:Nevertheless, these species had generally been considered to be of low abundance and likely representing errors in splicing.
LincRNA-p21 was initially identified as a direct tranional target of p53.
材料與方法(Materials and methods):
描述寫(xiě)論文之前作者所做的工作,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
比如:The proliferation of Huh-7, HCT-116, HeLa cells was tested by CCK-8 kit.
這部分一般時(shí)態(tài)變化比較少,沒(méi)什么爭(zhēng)議。
結(jié)果(Results):
描述自己的研究結(jié)果,因其發(fā)生于寫(xiě)作之前,用過(guò)去時(shí)。
比如:In total, 67,358 distinct circRNA candidates were found in these tissues and 27,296 of these circRNAs contained at least two unique back-spliced reads.
但是,單純描述結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)形式(圖或表),或直接用圖或表作為主語(yǔ)時(shí),因?yàn)槭菍?xiě)作當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生的事,所以使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
比如:A detailed summary for each sample is provided in Supplementary Table 1.
Figure 1 shows the mean spectra for the original data.
討論:
對(duì)此次研究結(jié)果的總結(jié),用過(guò)去時(shí)。
比如:In this study, we identified lincRNA-p21 as a key regulatorof cell proliferation and apoptosis.
對(duì)Results部分的結(jié)果描述進(jìn)行更深入的分析和討論,闡述結(jié)果的意義,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
比如:However, certain circRNAs are predominately expressed in one gene locus and present at substantial levels that suggest these species are purposefully produced.
結(jié)論:
強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的研究成果采用過(guò)去時(shí),表達(dá)將來(lái)的研究方向或研究前景用將來(lái)時(shí)。
比如,In conclusion, our study provided a portrayal of circRNAs in different human normal and cancerous tissues.
闡述自己研究成果的意義用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
比如,Taken together, these lines of evidence reveal a new level of diversity in the tranome and their regulation in human cells.
提出研究前景或?qū)?lái)的研究方向用將來(lái)時(shí),這部分也可能出現(xiàn)在Discussion中。
比如,It willbe interesting to explore whether lincRNA-p21 can interact with epigenetic factors
參考文獻(xiàn)
Thomson, D.W. and M.E. Dinger, Endogenous microRNA sponges: evidence and controversy. Nat Rev Genet, 2016. 17(5): p. 272-83.2.
Wu, G., et al., LincRNA-p21 regulates neointima formation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, apoptosis, and atherosclerosis by enhancing p53 activity. Circulation, 2014. 130(17): p. 1452-65.3.
Karreth, F.A., et al., The BRAF pseudogene functions as a competitive endogenous RNA and induces lymphoma in vivo. Cell, 2015. 161(2): p. 319-32.4.
Zheng, Q., et al., Circular RNA profiling reveals an abundant circHIPK3 that regulates cell growth by sponging multiple miRNAs. Nat Commun, 2016. 7: p. 11215.
Salmena, L., et al., A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta Stone of a hidden RNA language? Cell, 2011. 146(3): p. 353-8.
本文轉(zhuǎn)自https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/143586597