一、命題原則

《大學英語四級考試大綱》（2006 修訂版）的作文命題原則是，寫作選用考生所熟悉的題

材，考生根據(jù)規(guī)定的題目和所提供的提綱、情景、圖片或圖表等，寫出一篇不少于l20 詞的

短文；思想表達準確、意義連貫、無嚴重語法錯誤?？荚嚂r間30 分鐘?！犊季V》同時指出，

大學英語四級考試寫作部分要求考生達到《教學要求》中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性寫

作任務，能描述個人經(jīng)歷、觀感、情感和發(fā)生的事件等，能寫常見的應用文，能就一般性話

題或提綱在半小時內(nèi)寫出至少l20 詞的短文，內(nèi)容基本完整，用詞恰當，語意連貫。能掌握

基本的寫作技能。”那么，新‘考綱’實施來的五次考試又采用了哪些命題形式呢？

二、命題形式

根據(jù)內(nèi)容和結構，命題形式可以分為三類：1.正反闡釋題；2. 闡釋原因、方法，描述危害

題；3. 通知、書信題。

1.正反闡釋題

正反闡釋題就是在兩種思路觀點始終對立的情況下，作者自己權衡利弊得出一個自

己的結論。簡單地說就是：一些人認為，另一些人認為，我認為。以這種思路為主要套

路的文章總是在正反論證，有很多書籍也把它單獨稱作正反闡釋文。2006 年12 月23

日的作文就是此類：Spring Festival Gala on CCTV；1.許多人喜歡在除夕觀看春節(jié)晚會。

2.有些人提出取消春節(jié)晚會。3.我的看法。6 月份剛考過的四級作文Recreational Activities

也可以歸為此類。

2. 闡釋原因、方法，描述危害題

闡釋原因、方法，描述危害題就是圍繞一個突出的社會或校園現(xiàn)象，來解釋這一現(xiàn)象背

后的原因，或其造成的危害及解決這一問題的方法等。改革后的五次考試中，有三次采用此

種作文題型，08 年6 月的這一次作文可以看成是1-2 兩種方法的變異體。2006 年6 月24 日

On Students Selecting Lecturers 1. 有些大學允許學生自由選擇某些課程的任課教師；2.

學生選擇教師時所考慮的主要因素； 3. 學生自選任課教師的益處和可能產(chǎn)生的問題。2007

年12 月22 日What Electives to Choose 1.各大學開設了各種各樣的選修課；2.學生因為各

種原因選擇了不同的選修課；3.以你自己為例……；2008 年6 月21 日Recreational Activities

1.娛樂活動多種多樣；2.娛樂活動可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性；3.作為大學生，我認為……。

3. 告示、書信題。

告示、書信題就是圍繞某一個相關的主題說明其原因，具體步驟或者過程。這類題看起

來像應用文的書信、告示和演講，但是他們的格式都不在考試項目之內(nèi)。這類題和第二類闡

釋原因、方法，描述危害題有很多相似之處。2007 年6 月23 日的Welcome to Our Club 1.

本社團的主要活動內(nèi)容；2.參加本社團的好處；3.如何參加本社團。

三、寫作思路與技巧

四級作文一般由三部分組成，開頭(introduction)，正文(body) 和結尾(conclusion)。開頭

提出作文需要討論的問題，正文從不同的方面展開主題(事例、原因、方法等)，結尾一般是

個人對該問題的看法。這三部分構成一個框架，就像人體的三大部分——頭、身和腳不可分

割一樣。而具體的原因和個人看法的語言描述就像血和肉，把骨架的三個部分不同的特點展

現(xiàn)出來。所以通過對考題的研究，人們對于上面的三種作文命題方式，推出了不少“誘人的”

寫作框架，把血肉(具體內(nèi)容)留出來讓使用者自己往里面填，以便寫出“杰作”獲得高分。

這樣寫作文就像完成填空練習，在別人的骨架上填上自己的血肉，創(chuàng)造出一個優(yōu)于自己的“化

身”，這就是我們常說的模板作文。不過，同一個模版使用的人太多，就不吸引人了，也寫

不出“杰作”了，但是其思路值得我們借鑒。

正反闡釋題: 正反闡釋題是要描述問題的兩個相對立的方面，所以開頭就要提出X主題，

然后介紹人們對X 問題持不同的看法。

開頭：1.簡單的開頭：In China today, X（爭論的焦點）is a controversial issue. Some people

believe that （觀點1）, while others maintain that （觀點2）；2.復雜一點的開頭：When it comes

to X （爭論的焦點）, people vary in their opinions. Some people hold the view that （觀點1），

while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that（觀點2）。

上面開頭的框架的用詞、句型和上下文的銜接手法比較正式，它避免了一些簡單詞的重

復，如：some think…; others think…, 而使用了believe, maintain 這些比較正式的語言。此

類的詞還有believe, maintain, hold, claim, contend, argue, point out，短語be of the view，

hold the opinion that 等，這些詞可以讓作文讀起來有“水平”。

正文主要展開正反兩方對立的原因，一般是先陳述正方的理由2 點就夠了，然后再

陳述反方的理由。

正文：1. A. The reasons why some people maintain（觀點1）can be listed as follows. First,

（論據(jù)1）…. What’s more, （論據(jù)2）…. B. However, those who hold（觀點2）also have their

compelling reasons. They claim that （論據(jù)1）…. They also argue that （論據(jù)2）…。

2. A. Those who maintain（觀點1）clarify their point by the fact that（論據(jù)1）… 。They also

argue that（論據(jù)2）…。B. Nevertheless, people who contend（觀點2）defend their point with

the undeniable fact (論據(jù)1）…。They also point out that（論據(jù)2）…。

結尾:一般是個人對爭論的焦點發(fā)表自己看法。通常有兩種方法，一種是支持一方并闡述

自己的理由；另一種是折中的方法，肯定雙方都有道理，然后提出自己不同的見解。

A. 支持一方: Based on the above discussion, it seems to me that the former/latter opinion holds

more weight in that（論據(jù)1）…, and that（論據(jù)2）…. Therefore, we may safely come to the

conclusion that (支持的觀點)….

B.折中: After pondering on the above discussion, I have to admit that there are some merits to

both sides. 1. Therefore, I would like to take their advantages by absorbing (針對觀點1 有益的部

分）and（針對觀點2 有益的部分）so that we can (最終目標)….。2. But to absorb the benefits

of both sides, I believe that （自己的解決方案）is the key. Only in that way, can we (最終目

標)….。

從三部分的結構來看，框架是我們的作文連貫，使用時我們應注意，開頭點題要推敲；

正反兩方要有主題句；結尾總結要有個人的觀點。

闡釋原因、方法，描述危害題: 詳細地討論正反闡釋題作文后，下面我們簡單討論一下

由此演變的出來的闡釋原因、方法，描述危害題。此類題涉及到正反闡釋題的一個方面，正

的可能是好的； 反的可能是壞的； 有時好壞難辨，需要作者自己證明。問題提出后，就是

分析原因，表達自己的觀點。所以這類作文的寫作步驟是：開頭引入題目中提到的現(xiàn)象，略

作說明；正文就提綱中的要求說明原因、方法或危害；結尾給出解決問題的方法或是展望未

來等。重點的寫作部分是正文的原因、危害或解決方法(參照第一部分的內(nèi)容)。如：2008 年

6 月21 日的Recreational Activities 1.娛樂活動多種多樣；2.娛樂活動可能使人們受益，也

可能有危害性；3.作為大學生，我認為……。本提綱中的第二點類似正反闡釋題，但是第一

點提出了一種現(xiàn)象，所以說它是1-2 類的混合型。

根據(jù)上面的框架、論據(jù)思路和注意的問題我們來討論如何完成一篇作文。從標題

Recreational Activities 我們可以得到主題、介紹背景和提出問題。開頭：As we know, now

there is a rich variety of recreational activities for us to choose from, but people vary in their

opinions about the benefits and harms that these activities may bring us. One of them is playing

computer games，這樣我們完成了開頭。下面的益處和危害性可以從大的和小的兩方面展開。

Some people hold the view that playing computer games can benefit the players and our

country. First, playing computer games can focus us on something exciting and improve our

response to rapidly changing situations, thus helping reduce our stress and anxiety in work and

study. Besides, more consumers in computer games can promote the development of computer

entertainment industry in China, closing the gap between China and other developed countries in

this field. However, the potential hazards cannot be neglected. Playing games all the time can

induce the players to ignore their study and work, and even harm their physical and mental health.

What’s more, some young players may copy the violence in the games, which has caused great

concern for parents, schools, and even the whole society.正文我們花了比較長的篇幅(128

words)，下面的結尾我們采用折中，提出自己的看法。

Through the above discussion, I have to admit that there is some reason to both sides. For

college students, self-discipline is the most important and no matter what creational activities we

take, we should remember that they are only one means to serve our end to work and study more

energetically and efficiently.

告示、書信題: 本題型與闡釋原因、方法、描述危害的作文考題有許多相同之處，都是

以說明一些原因或細節(jié)為主干的。告示開頭點題，正文描述原因（好處或害處）和方法步驟，

結尾呼吁和落款。書信的開頭自我介紹提出寫信目的，正文解釋原因或描述過程，結尾表示

感謝和期待回信等等。思路可以參考上文提到的大原因和小原因。下面以2007 年6 月23

日的Welcome to Our Club 1.本社團的主要活動內(nèi)容；2.參加本社團的好處；3.如何參加本

社團。

Welcome to Our Club

開頭點題：

Dear fellow students,

This summer, the Bicycle Tour Club has planned to organize a DIY bicycle tour to Beijing in

support of the 2008 Olympic Games.

正文描述原因（好處）和方法步驟

Also through this tour, we hope to spread the concept of Green Olympics and raise people’s

awareness of saving energy, being close to nature and protecting our environment. During the tour,

we college students can see and experience the changes of China both in the city and in the

countryside with our own eyes and on our own physical strength and deepen our understanding of

the reforms and the achievements accomplished in China in the past 3 decades. Also in this way,

we can improve our temperament and character and show to the world how we Chinese college

students reduce our “carbon footprint” and display the concept of Green Olympics.

結尾呼吁和落款

All of you are welcome to join us. If you are interested in this tour, please contact us before

June 30. For more details, click on www.diy-bicycle-tour.com.cn.

Thank you.

DIY Bicycle Tour Club

由于，提綱只是給我們提供了要點，

而沒有提供論據(jù)。有些學生考試時，打不開思路，寫不出原因；還有些學生不知道如何把要

點變成主題句，為此我們提出以下建議。

提綱變成主題句的技巧：

1.如果是疑問句，變成陳述句；

2.如果是短語，變成完整的句子。如：Reading Selectively or Extensively? 1.有人認為讀書要有選擇；2.有人認為應當博覽群書。在這個提綱中“讀書要有選擇”和“博覽群書”就是兩個短語，變成完整的句子就必須按英語句子結構補全主語和謂語。如果按照Some people believe that （觀點1）, while othersmaintain that （觀點2）來套用的話，Some people believe that we should read selectively, whilothers maintain that we should read extensively, 加上we should 后才構成完整的句子。如果照原文翻譯，Some people believe that read selectively, while others maintain that read extensively 最后的分數(shù)可能在五分以下。當然也可用其他的變通方式，如：Some people believe that we can benefit more from reading selectively, while others maintain that reading extensively can

bring us more profits. 

論據(jù)不好展開時，可以從兩個方面入手：1.環(huán)境，國家，社會，集體的利益和需求；2. 個人或普通百姓的利益和需求。環(huán)境和國家需要可持續(xù)發(fā)展(sustainable development); 和諧社會建設(construction of a harmonious society; social harmony); 全面建設小康社會的目標(the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects)等大的層面來考慮；個人可以涉及身體和身心健康（physical health; psychological / mental health）；素質(zhì)和能力（quality；capability）；社會責任和需求(social commitment；social requirements); 職業(yè)規(guī)劃與競爭(career planning；competition)等來切入。

結尾拿不定把握時，可以從三個方面來考慮。1.壞現(xiàn)象，寫采取什么措施來解決。國家的措施有法律，制度和政策(policy)；個人的措施涉及教育，提高意識(awareness),自己從我做起等（take the lead in doing）；2.好現(xiàn)象，發(fā)揚光大，展望未來，錦上添花；3.好壞看法不一致的時，發(fā)表自己的看法，折中或偏向一方，參照一、二點。

如果作文的提綱出現(xiàn)兩點寫不動時，按照上面的三部分要求來寫，一段寫現(xiàn)象(situation)

提出問題(topic), 二段分析寫原因(causes), 三段寫建議(measures)?？蚣芎蛢?nèi)容的問題解決后要注意詞匯和句型的多樣化。從句，短語和同義詞匯交替使用體現(xiàn)多樣化。詞匯不要把一個詞從頭用到尾，如：“獲得”可以用：obtain; gain; acquire; achieve等，不要使用get 這類口語化很濃的詞；觀點的表達可用Many people believe / hold…; others argue/claim…; In my opinion/view,…；或It is acknowledged by many people that …; It is also believed by other people that…; As for me, …。

要使自己的作文上檔次，還要注意避免幾種低級錯誤：1.三個一致（主謂一致；時態(tài)一致；單復數(shù)一致）；2.句子的主語和謂語是否完整；

3.拼寫錯誤：詞性success n. succeed vi.；錯拼studying – studing*；opinion – opion*。

以上我們對‘新考綱’實施以來的五次作文命題的分析的目的，是希望同學們注意作文

整體的連貫性、思路的開放性和語言結構的多樣性；框架的討論不是為了讓大家去套用，而

是啟迪大家在寫作實踐中完善自己獨特的“創(chuàng)新框架”, 在考試中取得滿意的佳績。

下面是范文,寫的時候不需要那么完美,關鍵是把握重點.標注的要重點背.

* 　一、求學信/求職信

Dear Sir /Madam,(開頭稱呼不要遺漏,有名字就寫Mr.or Ms.;沒有名字就如上寫的.)

　　I am a senior(畢業(yè)生) from the Department of Business Administration. I am writing the letter in purpose of(表明目的,相當于to) applying for a position of a staff member(職員) in your company .

　　I am sure that I am qualified(有資格的,能勝任的) for it. First, enclosed with this letter(隨信附上的附件) is my resume(求職簡歷),  which further details(進一步地詳細介紹了) my previous(之前的) academic qualifications(學歷) and work experience. Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate(完美的候選人) for it,but my cheerful (樂天派的) personality(性格) is well suited to(很適合與...to在這里是介詞) studying in your prestigious(尊貴的) university/working as a staff member. Last, my hobbies(hobby復數(shù),愛好) include(包括,代替are) sports and music.

　　I would highly(代替very) appreciate(表示感激最正式的詞) for(我會對...很感激的) your prompt(快速的) and favorable(友善的) attention to(關注) my inquiry(詢問)      

　　Yours sincerely,(結尾的套話)

Li Ming(署名也別忘了)

句型:first,second,last... ;not only ,but (also);I would appreciate for.../if you could do ...

核心詞匯:apply for(申請),applicant /candidate (申請人),accademic qualifications, working experiences,personality(性格)上文用了cheerful,還可用diligent(勤奮的),helpful...

　　二、開幕詞

Ladies and gentlemen,

　　Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd.

　　The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare(宣布) open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of(代表) our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates(代表們). Last, I believe our cooperative(合作的) efforts are sure to be productive(有好處的,代替good).

I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above(以上的) information will help you. If you have any question for me, please feel free to(毫不拘束的) ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.

* make a brief introduction to myself 也可寫作 introduce myself briefly...

句型:to begin with,the following is ,first ,second,last;I would express my heartfelt welcome to ...(表達衷心的歡迎,感謝gratitude,歉意apology)

* 四、通知

Directions:

　　The Students’ Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest(競賽). Write an announcement which covers the following information:

　　1) the purpose of the contest,

　　2) time and place of the contest,

　　3) what is required of the candidates,

　　4) details of the judges(評審老師) and awards.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.(看清題干的要求)

Chinese Speaking Contest (標題)

　　February 3, 2007(日期)

　　To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich(v.豐富) after-class activities(指出purpose), the Students’ Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing(組織) a school-wide(全校的) Chinese speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (10 February) at the Students’ Auditorium(指出time and place). Those who are interested in taking part in(參與) it may sign up(登記) with the monitor(班長) of their classes before Tuesday next week(指出想?yún)⒓拥娜艘鍪裁?. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards(judges and awards). Everybody is welcome to be present at(出席,在這里就是觀賽) the contest.

　　The Students’ Union

Department of Chinese Language and Literature

詞匯:enrich,organize,take part in,sign up with sb.,be present at.after-class,school-wide;

句型:those who...定語從句,作文里至少用上一次

題干有要求的情況,一定要全部完成,漏掉一個分數(shù)就會大打折扣,所以看清題目再下筆.

　　五、邀請信

　　Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually:

　　1) Invite them to the party,

　　2) Elaborate on(詳細說明) the reason why such a party should be held,

　　3) What activities will be arranged for them.

Dear Snoopy,

　　I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in  my 20-years-old birthday party to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m. on April 1, 2007.

As you are my close(親密的) friend , I would like you to attend the celebration and share my joy.ball,dinner,games...(可以用first ,second,last...串起來)　

If you do not have any  prior appointment(先前的約會) on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company(n.陪伴).

Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

詞匯:參與 participate in = take part in ;prior =previous (之前的);appointment(約會) 也可以換成 arrangement(安排)

　現(xiàn)象分析題:

　六、考試

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Views on Examinations. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、 大學都用考試來衡量學生的成績

　　2、 考生可能帶來的副作用

　　3、 我對考試的看法

　　In most colleges and universities the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering(掌握) a particular(特定的) subject. Although it does the job quite efficiently(有效率地), its side effects (副作用)are also enormous(巨大的,也可用can never be neglected).

　　To begin with, examinations lower the level of teaching. Since teachers are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques(考試技巧).However, no subjects can be taught successfully merely(代替only) through this way.In addition, the most undesirable(不好的,代替bad) effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits. As the examination score is the only standard for his academic performance, a student is driven to(被驅(qū)使著) memorize mechanically rather than think creatively.

　　In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students’ academic development. If that is the case, why cannot we make a change and devise(設計,發(fā)明) something more efficient and reliable than examinations?

 句型:銜接:although/but從一個方面轉(zhuǎn)到另一個方面;若是幾個方面是并列的,則用to begin with,in addition,最簡單就是first,second,last...;是否,用whether/if 從句;

圍繞一個論點提出論據(jù)時用:because,since,as從句,或者due to ,owing to,with the result of后接短語;提出建議時,可由why not...?

詞匯:同義詞組:effective and reliable,scientific and efficient,practical and productive;反義詞組:succeed or fail,mechanically or creatively 同義詞組連用重復加強語義,反義詞組連用形成對比更有說服力.

　　七、最難忘的人

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The most unforgettable Person I ever Know. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、 我生活中最難忘的人是······

　　2、 為什么他(或她)令我難以忘懷

　　3、 結論

　　In my life I have met many people who are really worth recalling. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.

　　What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. First of all, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer—an awakening of a passion for learning. He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in explorating something deeper in this field. Second, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember that we students always participated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.

　　Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.

八、圖表作文

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Statistics in People’s Daily Expenses in Xi’an. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、 Describe the changes indicated in the table.

　　2、 The reasons for the change.

　　3、 Make predictions about the future tendency.

　　(圖表死活貼不上去，只能貼文章了，^_^)

　　What is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the daily expenses in Xi’an from 1995 to 1999. The expenses on food have declined by 30% while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%.

　　There are two factors accounting for these changes. In the first place, the risen income resulting from economic growth plays a vital role in the less expense on food. In the second place, when food presents no worry to the average, people begin to focus more of their interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increases year by year.

　　From the analyses made above, with the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the better direction.

　正反觀點題:

　九、壓力

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is Stress a Bad Thing? You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、 有人害怕壓力

　　2、 有人認為壓力并不是壞事

　　3、 我的看法

　　In the past few years, quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive. They are afraid that the stress and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally.

　　In fact, however, stress isn’t the bad thing it is often supposed to be. Above all, unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless, idle life. Furthermore, people under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth—the very aim of a human life.

　　Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it.

　　十、就業(yè)

　　Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Jobs for Graduates. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:

　　1、 大學生難找工作

　　2、 原因很多

　　3、 解決的辦法

　　Job hunting has always been a headache for college students. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.

　　The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.

I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures. First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need. Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be changed. They should go to small cities and country. There they can also give full play to their professional